Glenwood

Courtney Griesel, Economic Development Director, City of Springfield

The June meeting of the Construction Specifications institute-Willamette Valley Chapter featured an excellent presentation by Courtney Griesel, Economic Development Director for the City of Springfield, about the city’s ongoing efforts to revitalize the Glenwood area. For decades, Glenwood languished as the poor stepchild of the Eugene-Springfield metro area until Springfield voters elected in 2004 to establish the 700-acre jurisdiction as an urban renewal district. Since then, the city has moved steadily forward with planning to transform Glenwood into an attractive district in which to live, work, and visit through the implementation of forward-thinking, innovative strategies and projects. Ultimately, the hope is Glenwood will become a dynamic place rather than a nondescript traffic corridor to be traversed as quickly as possible between Eugene and Springfield. 

Courtney leads several of the city’s highest profile projects, which include the promise of catalytic developments in Glenwood. She explained how the City of Springfield regards Glenwood as integral to the larger metro economy. Its location along the Willamette River is central to the city’s vision of the district, which includes river-oriented development with public access to the riverfront and green fingers extending into the community. Current plans depict a mix of commercial and residential developments of relatively high density to capitalize upon Glenwood’s prime location, proximity to I-5, and situation along the already established EmX BRT corridor. The proposed design patterns will foster compact urban forms interconnected by a network of walkable streets and inviting open spaces. Notably, the city envisions residential densities exceeding 50 dwelling units per acre. It also regards Glenwood as a model for sustainability. Among other requirements, the city will mandate all stormwater within the district be handled on site. This will necessitate open spaces sized adequately to entirely manage runoff onsite through infiltration, evapotranspiration, and capture and reuse of stormwater. 

Courtney emphasized that Springfield does not foresee the commercial components of the proposed Glenwood mixed-use developments competing with established retail centers in Eugene or Springfield (such as Oakway, Gateway, or the 5^th Street Market District) but rather primarily serving the anticipated resident population. The goal is to minimize reliance upon vehicle trips by providing walkable access to needed goods and services. 

The New Franklin Boulevard 

The most visible project to-date within Glenwood is the just-completed first phase of the New Franklin Boulevard project at the corridor’s east end. Courtney described the challenging $13.5 million project in detail, from how the city utilized condemnation to acquire necessary right-of-way (paying above market-value to property owners) to its successful completion four months ahead of schedule. Its characteristic features are two large roundabouts arranged in a “dog-bone” configuration. Roundabouts remain somewhat of a novelty to local motorists, and perhaps confusing to some who may be unfamiliar with them; however, there are compelling reasons why they are sensible traffic-management solutions: 

Safer for Everyone

Modern roundabouts are the safest at-grade intersection. Pedestrians cross shorter distances and deal with traffic at slower speeds. The design of the new roundabouts, and eventually the entire New Franklin Boulevard, safely serves the needs of pedestrians, cyclists, buses, and motorists by physically separating the various modes of travel. Vehicular traffic speeds are moderated where the modes cross. 

Statistical information suggests roundabouts reduce collisions overall by 37%, with a 75% reduction in injuries, a 90% reduction in fatalities. Pedestrian-related accidents are reduced by 40% and those involving bicycles are reduced by 10%. 

Saves Time 

By yielding at the entry rather than stopping to wait for a green light, delay is reduced by as much as 89%. 

Costs Less 

Modern roundabouts eliminate traffic signals and fewer accidents decrease public and private costs.

Better for the Environment

60% less greenhouse gas is produced due to reduced idling and delays, fuel consumption, and air pollution. 

Aesthetic Value 

The central island provides an opportunity for landscaping and art, and there are fewer above-ground wires and poles. 

As roundabouts are increasingly commonplace, everyone will become more comfortable with using them and appreciate their benefits. 

Courtney credits her colleague, City of Springfield project manager Kristi Krueger, for shepherding the demanding project to the successful completion of its first phase. 

Glenwood Riverfront 

The 47-acre River Opportunity Area occupies the parcels within Glenwood between Franklin Boulevard and the Willamette River, and will be the focus of the dense, mixed-use type of development proposed by the Glenwood Refinement Plan and the primary point of reconnection with the river. The current plans include what would be a first-of-its-kind parking garage made of cross-laminated timber (CLT). The structure would accommodate 370 parking spaces on four levels. As I mentioned in a previous blog post, testing of the proposed design is in progress, presently focusing upon measures to ensure the structure’s durability. Courtney mentioned funding for the project is coming from the U.S. Economic Development Administration, Oregon Best (VertueLab), and the urban renewal district. 

In addition to the New Franklin Boulevard and riverfront planning projects, Springfield has worked on other fronts to give Glenwood a new lease on life. Leveraging proceeds from the urban renewal district, the city has paid to extend a main sewer line down McVay Highway and purchase property to facilitate development of two hotels (the Candlewood Suites and Fairfield Inn & Suites). The city granted Franz Bakery tax waivers to secure its commitment for a $20 million expansion of its facility in Glenwood, a key development toward ensuring Glenwood’s viability as a locus for employment. 

The momentum in Glenwood is clear and bodes well for the future of the district. It also presents us with an excellent case study about how to accommodate growth within the Eugene-Springfield metro area through compact and sustainable means. Glenwood is primed and ready for exactly the kind of development we need today. I’m excited to witness Glenwood’s continuing transformation. Thank you, Courtney for an informative report! 

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The June CSI-WVC meeting traditionally also includes a presentation of awards recognizing outstanding contributions by chapter members during the preceding year. Outgoing president Tom Jordan, CSI, LEED AP, bestowed the following awards: 

• Chapter Services Awards: David Jones, Jim Chaney, Marina Wrensch, Michael Woodmansee, and me(!) 
• Chapter Distinguished Service Award: Linn West (most definitely well deserved!) 

Current CSI Northwest Region president Perry White, CSI, CCPR was on hand for the meeting, and he took the opportunity to also present me with a Region Publications Commendation for my work on SW Oregon Architect, Twitter, and Facebook. Perry happens to be my blog’s biggest fan, never failing to retweet and promote my latest SW Oregon Architect posts. Thanks Perry! 

Additionally, the meeting witnessed the annual passing of the torch by the outgoing board members to the new, which include new chapter president Kate Miller, CSI, Assoc. AIA. Having just attended the CSI West & Northwest Regions Conference at the Alyeska Resort in Alaska, Kate announced the Willamette Valley Chapter will host the 2020 iteration of the bi-region event. The current plan is to conduct the conference at Sunriver rather than in Eugene, so that everyone (that includes you Willamette Valley Chapter members!) can enjoy several uninterrupted days learning, networking, and soaking in the Central Oregon vibe. I know I plan to be there and I hope all of you will as well.

A’18: New York, New York!

Just a very brief blog post this week: I’m in New York having just attended the 2018 American Institute of Architects Conference on Architecture, which concluded Saturday. This is my first ever visit to The Big Apple, a bucket list trip for me, and it’s been incredible, everything I’d imagined and more. I’m here until Tuesday, with much left to take in. 

Under the banner of a “Blueprint for Better Cities,” the AIA cast New York as the ideal setting for articulating a new urban agenda for the 21^st century. Like other major cities worldwide, New York is facing existential challenges. As 2018 AIA President Carl Elefante, FAIA said, the world is witnessing the dawning of the urban era. Most of the world’s population now lives in cities. Climate change has passed a tipping point, while social and economic inequities remain confoundingly persistent. The pace and scope of changes threaten to overwhelm us. New York’s destiny is one shared by many other American cities. How America’s greatest metropolis confronts its challenges will undoubtedly provide architects working elsewhere with useful lessons. 

I’ll leave New York greatly enriched by the experience and am grateful for having taken the opportunity. More to come in future posts.

2018 AIA-Southwestern Oregon Design Awards

The 2018 AIA-SWO Design Awards ceremony was held at the Ford Alumni Center on the University of Oregon campus. The pre-event, well-stocked cash-bar was very popular! (Photo by AIA-SWO)

The purpose of the AIA Southwestern Oregon Chapter Design Awards is to celebrate achievements in design excellence by member firms, generate greater public interest in architecture, and honor the architects, clients, and consultants who work together to enhance our built environment. Because the awards program only occurs every four years or so, each one is truly special. The 2018 edition was no exception. The breadth and quality of the entrants reflected the continued improvement in the fortunes of the architecture and construction marketplace since the last program, and certainly met expectations bred by long years of anticipation since the last AIA-SWO design awards program in 2014. 

Big thanks to the Design Awards Committee—led by Jenna Fribley, AIA—which assembled an outstanding group of jurors to evaluate the design submissions for this year’s awards program: 

Gary Aquilina, AIA – Principal, CAS Architects 
Ruth Baleiko, AIA – Partner, Miller Hull 
Robert Hastings, FAIA (jury chair) – Agency Architect, TriMet 
Cassandra Keller – Principal, Clark Keller 
Carrie Strickland, FAIA – Principal, Works Progress Architecture 

2018 AIASWO DA Juror Intros from frank visconti on Vimeo.

The jury selected a total of 11 projects to receive awards. Of these, two are student projects, four are Citation Award winners, two received Merit Awards, and three are Honor Award recipients (the AIA’s highest commendation). 

Speranza Architecture + Urban Design was the evening’s big winner. The jury bestowed three of the Citation Awards and one Honor Award on the young firm. Principal and founder Phil Speranza, AIA—also an assistant professor at the UO College of Design, and a relatively recent transplant from the east coast—is someone to keep an eye on as his firm leaves its mark on the local architectural scene in the years to come. 

Past AIA-SWO president (2016) Stan Honn, AIA emceed the event. Current president Frank Visconti, AIA presented the awards to the recipients, while jury chair Bob Hastings, FAIA shared some of the jury’s comments for all the winning entries. 

Here is the list of the 2018 AIA-SWO Design Awards Program recipients: 

Honor Awards:

UO Student Recreation Center

Robertson | Sherwood | Architects pc 

RDG Planning | Design

Poticha Architects 

Owner/Client: University of Oregon 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“A wonderful achievement in unifying a series of existing buildings. The design utilized creative strategies to connect a disparate set of buildings who were built at different times, and with different program, materials, and construction. In particular the ceiling treatments created both a sense of continuity, while also providing for individual program activities. Strong visual connections between spaces and activities improved the sense of the community. The jury was impressed how active and contemplative spaces could be accommodated without compromise. 

“Environmental performance of the buildings’ systems actually enhanced the interior activities, while providing access and exposure of the external environment. The building’s external elevations, materials, and lighting create strong connections to the University urban design and enhance its qualities.” 

Arts and Technology Academy 

Rowell Brokaw Architects 

Opsis Architecture 

Owner/Client:  4J Eugene School District 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“A fantastic renovation of an existing school that interprets a new pedagogy for STEM curriculum with a new organization for this middle school. The result feels like a completely new institution that embraces open and transparent spaces for learning. New relationships are skillfully organized both in plan and section by providing places of learning for classes and well as small groups and individual spaces. 

“The result is a unifying whole of existing spaces, materials, and structure with the new additions that create a complete translation for the school. Particular skill was demonstrated in the architectural treatments that unify existing structure, materials, and spaces with the new construction. The end result is both robust and delicate…elegant and durable.” 

Push Pull House 

Speranza Architecture + Urban Design 

Owner/Client: Jeff & Victoria Wilson-Charles 

Location: Veneta, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“While simple and elegant in plan the house’s sections create a vibrant juxtaposition. Careful attention to the use of volumes for lighting, heating, and cooling results in poetic special contrasts.  The use of common materials…wood, plaster, concrete, and glass…have been masterfully orchestrated to create un-common spaces. 

“The jury commends the building’s craftsmanship, especially considering the modest construction cost, and how it accentuates the power of well design spaces. The overall effect creates a beautiful relationship between inner space and the surrounding forest environment.” 

Merit Awards:

Roosevelt Middle School 

Mahlum Architects 

Robertson | Sherwood | Architects pc 

Owner/Client: Eugene School District 4J 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“The plan of the school strongly reflects its mission to provide places of learning, social interaction, and teacher – student engagement. Transparency between small group, corridors, and vertical transition directly correlate with the school’s educational purpose. Throughout the interior, glazing and openings are arranged to promote both the sense of connectedness, and how people come together. 

“The jury commends how this school helps students transition from child to young adult, by encouraging exploration and discovery in a wonderful learning environment. In particular, the jury was impressed by the thoughtful use of glazing, color, lighting, and wall materials to create a sense of permanence and transition.” 

1203 Willamette 

Rowell Brokaw Architects 

Owner/Client: 1203 Willamette, LLC 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“The adaptive reuse of a 1940’s era furniture store with limited relationship to the life of downtown Eugene, is a terrific case study of urban revitalization. The design decision to use removal rather than insertion proved to be an excellent strategy. By engaging both levels of the original building, it completely transforms the streetscape and greatly contributes to the City’s livability. 

“The jury commends the use of the building’s elements of wood structure, open fenestrations, and authentic materials to create lively interior and exterior spaces. In particular, the jury recognizes the careful proportions, scale of spaces, use of elemental materials, interior and exterior lighting, vertical circulation and layering of movement.” 

Citation Awards: 

Roseburg Forest Products 

Rowell Brokaw Architects 

Owner/Client: Roseburg Forest Projects 

Location: Springfield, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“What could have been another example of treating large box buildings as part of our disposable society instead became a wonderful revitalization. The plan to organize the perimeter of the triangulated building into open offices, while enlivening the center with gathering and meeting spaces, resulted in a compete transformation. The clear use of materials, color, natural and artificial lighting, and furnishings is exemplary. What is especially powerful is the creation of a central space that promotes and engenders equity.” 

Eugene Public Food Market 

Speranza Architecture + Urban Design 

Owner/Client: Three Muses 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“This proposed adaptive reuse of the former EWEB building could be a significant part of the City’s downtown transformation. This project proposal includes the leveraging of the existing building’s significant elements (most notably the bow-string trusses), but equally important is the programmatic role of a year-round, and night & day, public food market. 

“The jury’s challenge is to incorporate the proposed new tower, complete with LED lighting, as an urban marker for the Market.  It should contribute greatly to the Market’s character, the downtown’s ‘Great Loop’ initiative, and linking to the City’s neighborhoods.” 

Birch Fircrest House 

Speranza Architecture + Urban Design 

Owner/Client: Philip Speranza 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“While bold in form, the strength of this house design derives from careful analysis of its site and environmental factors. In plan, section, and elevation the house’s design is consistent in its formal response. 

“The jury is still out on the proposed exterior siding material, window size and placements, and site material treatments. These need careful consideration to achieve a holistic expression of distant and internal relationships.” 

Hult Center for the Performing Arts Plaza Renovation Study 

Speranza Architecture + Urban Design 

Owner/Client: City of Eugene Cultural Services 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 
“This proposal seeks to enliven the Center’s exterior public space by transforming it into a dynamic series of outdoor spaces, emulating the nature of the Center’s performance hall. However, in this instance the audience becomes the performers. Through careful analysis and gathering of real time data the Plaza would express the qualities of its users. 

“The Jury commends the passion and desire to transform this urban space into something truly ‘world class’, and for supporting and contributing to the City’s ‘Great Loop’ initiative.” 

Student Awards:

The Arch at Hayward Field 

Nicole Giustino, August Lehnert, & Max Moore 

Client: University of Oregon 

Location: Eugene, OR 

Jury Comments: 

• Innovative use of material(wood) to develop an elegant solution to a functional problem. 
• Very compelling idea which combines traditional with new state-of-the-art technology. 

Sitka Sedge 

Benjamin Fuglevand 

Client: State of Oregon Visitors Center 

Location: Tillamook County, Oregon Coast 

Jury Comments: 

• A modern, approach to farming, and teaching. Simple structure, formal response to climate, very believable in its execution and research. Energy modeling provides the designer with validation of design process and goals set for this work. 
• A wonderfully developed scheme; well thought out and with a compelling brief. Excellent backup data and analysis too. 

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Design awards programs help us to celebrate what we do as architects. They are evidence our profession aspires to be the best it can be. They elevate the quality of our work by setting the bar high. I know I am not alone in looking forward to the next edition and once again recognizing and celebrating the best work of AIA-Southwestern Oregon member firms.

We Shouldn’t Fear the Change Diverse Housing Types Herald

Aerial view of a typical, established R-1 neighborhood in Eugene (Imagery: © 2018 Google)

It's human nature to be wary of change. Change is perturbing and stressful. We instinctively cling to the few certainties we can count on. They constitute our comfort zone. It’s no surprise many of us want our neighborhoods to stay just the way they are now. We don’t want them to change, especially if we intend to stay in our current homes for a long time. 

The problem is, as much as we’d like to forestall change, no one can avoid it: We work for decades but eventually retire. Our children grow up and leave the nest. We may separate or divorce, dramatically altering our life’s equation. We’re not immune to the possibility of financial misfortune or encountering health problems. We certainly can’t escape becoming older and less capable of maintaining the lifestyle we may presently enjoy. Change is simply a fact of life. 

Leaving our comfort zone is unsettling but we’ll need to if we and our communities are to adapt and thrive. Today’s housing affordability crisis is a case in point. Resistance to the introduction of new and creative housing solutions responsive to our changing demographics and marketplace is symptomatic of our fear of change, but we ignore it at our own peril. We instinctively know this but many Eugeneans reflexively resist change rather than embracing the possibilities inherent in new opportunities. We do this even though we may one day directly benefit from the availability of a greater breadth of housing options, such as those that allow us to gracefully age in place. 

Those fortunate enough to be housing-secure can easily misjudge how the lack of affordable housing impacts our entire community. Rather than fearing the housing affordability challenge and the change it portends, we need to confront it to preserve the qualities we find most attractive about life in Eugene. 

Growth here has widened a disparity between the supply of housing and the tremendous demand for affordable options. Increasing the breadth and availability of a range of housing types is part of the solution to a problem that threatens Eugene’s resilience and everyone’s standard of living. For example, “missing middle” housing types—which include side-by-side and stacked duplexes, bungalow courts, carriage houses, fourplexes, townhouses, courtyard apartments, and accessory dwelling units—can provide a range of choices, a range that presently is conspicuously absent here. 

Done well, what missing middle housing looks like belies the density possible; higher densities do not necessarily translate to bigger buildings. Keeping individual units small is the secret; 600 to 700 square feet apiece is often enough. Side-by-side duplexes can achieve a density of 12-19 dwelling units per acre; townhouses, up to 29 units per acre. As many as 50 DU/acre are possible with courtyard apartment configurations. Densities of 16 DU/acre or more are sufficient to support a nearby main street with locally-focused businesses and public transportation. 

All well and good, but where can we provide expanded housing opportunities while fulfilling the affordability, compact urban development, and neighborhood livability pillars of Envision Eugene? The intractability of concerned residents within long-established R-1 districts has proven to be a considerable obstacle, and yet it’s clear overcoming that obstacle is necessary to responsibly address our community’s growth and change. If we do nothing we will effectively accept financially gated neighborhoods in our midst, contrary to our better natures. 

Clearly, the market is demanding change. We need to provide a critical mass of housing to support complete, diverse, and walkable neighborhoods, while reducing pressures for development on the urban periphery. Taking R-1 districts off the table is problematic because so much of our land within our growth boundary is presently locked up inside them. 

All neighborhoods change over time. The recipe for success includes sustaining the patterns that make older neighborhoods unique, but also demands creative, inspired design. This may be the reason why it is elusive: the making of good, deferential architecture that respects its context isn’t always assured. Regardless, it’s clear our housing stock needs diversification to adequately address the myriad ways Eugene is changing. Certainly, managing change by densifying established neighborhoods will only work if it is the outcome of a community and neighbors-driven process that dives deeply into issues of structural form, market demand, affordability, and traffic impact. Lacking such a process, the inevitable results will be continued resistance. 

The housing affordability puzzle is enormously complex and certainly one a jiggering of our land use codes alone will not solve. Cities by themselves cannot attend to the deep structural issues responsible for a globally confounding problem. That said, we know fostering innovation in our housing rather than stifling it is necessary. The affordability crisis demands a ladder of housing opportunities.  Introducing new housing types within the fabric of R-1 districts won’t eliminate the problem but they can help address a range of issues beyond affordability. This is change we should not fear.

repurposedMATERIALS

Damon Carson of repurposedMATERIALS (webinar screenshot)

A cozy group gathered at the Eugene Builders Exchange this past Thursday for the May chapter meeting of the Construction Specifications Institute-Willamette Valley Chapter. The topic for the meeting was repurposedMATERIALS, the successful enterprise at the vanguard of the rapidly growing materials repurposing industry. 

CSI-WVC member Alorie Mayer, who has a background in energy and resource conservation management, organized the presentation of a webinar by repurposedMATERIALS president Damon Carson. Damon founded the company in 2011, and it has only grown by leaps and bounds since then. In Damon’s words, repurposing occupies the intersection of affordability and sustainability. The repurposedMATERIALS business model involves taking byproducts out of the waste stream and extending their maximum practical benefit while minimizing waste and the expenditure of new energy to ready them for new uses. 

Damon introduced the topic of repurposing materials by having us think about what many of us did naturally as preschoolers: taking an empty Quaker Oats canister and transforming it into a drum or a container for Lego blocks, or reimagining a Maytag refrigerator shipping box as a medieval fort or a space-age rocket. This, in his words, was our “substitutionary thinking” at work. Repurposing isn’t a new concept; fundamentally, it is an innately human behavior. 

The waste hierarchy pyramid, by Drstuey at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3518269 

Damon cited the waste hierarchy pyramid and how reuse occupies a perch near its peak. Repurposing is not the same as recycling, which typically involves energy-intensive processing of the materials (e.g. chipping, shredding, grinding, or melting) before reuse is possible. Repurposing is a means to extract the maximum practical benefit from products while minimizing the cost to the environment. As a waste-management strategy, repurposing minimizes emissions of greenhouse gases, reduces pollutants, saves energy, conserves resources, creates jobs, and stimulates the development of green technologies. Repurposing rather than reprocessing previously-used items also saves time and money, making quality products available to people and organizations who may be of limited means. 

Of course, repurposing isn't a new concept. Artists (like my friend and former co-worker Rosie Nice) have long fashioned sculptures and other works out of what most people would consider junk. Habitat for Humanity ReStores and Eugene/Springfield’s own BRING Recycling sell salvaged materials but tend to emphasize reuse rather than repurposing. For example, salvaged doors or windows sold by Habitat for Humanity ReStores or BRING are typically used by the purchasers for the same ends they originally were originally intended for. What distinguishes repurposedMATERIALS is its procurement of large amounts of discarded products no longer suitable for their original purposes but are otherwise practical for altogether different uses. 

Damon cited the following mnemonic device to explain his company's criteria for selecting the materials it chooses to procure and resell: 

S.A.V.E.it 
The materials should be Standardized, readily Available, Versatile, and well-Engineered (possessing desirable characteristics or attributes). 

At its core, repurposedMATERIALS is a thrift store on an industrial scale, with branch offices/warehouses in Denver, Chicago, Dallas, Atlanta, and Philadelphia. The company conducts online auctions as well as selling products directly to customers at preestablished prices through its website. Recently, repurposedMATERIALS expanded its mission/concept to include the repurposing of things like chemicals and other ingredients (as opposed to finished products), and even real estate. Anything that is obsolete to its primary industry is of interest to the company. 

Damon described how his customers have imaginatively found new uses for old stuff. The products repurposedMATERIALS regularly procures and stocks include salvaged heavy timber beams, industrial storage tanks, and worn gymnasium floor boards. Some of the other used construction materials currently available include rubber playground tiles, salvaged wood from bleachers, 500-gallon propane tanks, concrete barrier blocks, and galvanized steel cable. The company also specializes in “all kinds of crazy” as well—offbeat industrial castoffs like aircraft wheel chocks, conveyor belts, used truck tires, and pool covers to name a few. 

Repurposing billboard vinyl

Repurposing military parachutes (images from repurposedMATERIALS website)

To Damon, much of the satisfaction he derives from his business comes from seeing how creative his customers can be. repurposedMATERIALS doesn’t always know how the materials it procures might be used. Street sweeper brushes enjoy a second life as backscratchers for horses and cattle. Old escalator handrails (which are made of thick rubber with reinforcing cables) become loading dock bumpers. Retired military cargo parachutes are used as wedding party tents. Used billboard vinyl (which is tremendously tough and intended to handle the worst Mother Nature can throw at it) is normally just thrown away, but Damon discovered the vinyl can be reused not only as drop cloths but also as hay covers, pond liners, and even slip n’ slides. He sold ten to a U.S. Army Ranger battalion for use as curtain walls in a training maze. 

Given that 40% of the materials in the nation’s landfills can be attributed to construction waste, the key takeaway from the presentation is how significant our attention toward managing the waste hierarchy can be when viewed from a holistic, green perspective. Construction should be defined by good engineering and efficiency. Many salvaged or recovered materials are heavy duty and are ready for the tough jobs. It behooves architects to consider the possibilities inherent in the significant resources available from repurposedMATERIALS, and other similar vendors. We should use our imagination and creativity to help the construction industry minimize its environmental impact through repurposing.